The Warsaw Convention of 1929 and the Montreal Convention of 1999 apply to all international and most of the domestic carriers of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft.According to Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention to which the Montreal Convention of 1999 made inconsequential changes: “The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.”? What mean ‘accident’, ‘on board the aircraft’ and ‘in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking’? are issues that have been examined in this article.

The development and importance of various types of commercial transportation from one hand and the accordance of Iran's law with the WTO's regulations on the other hand bring up some issues which makes the need of further researches undeniable. Among these regulations finding a proper theory for the liability of transport enterprise is one of the most challenging topics. A theory which ends in the most benefit for the owner of the goods as well as the transport enterprise. This approach should be also in accordance with the domestic and international laws existed in this area.For this reason, current article divides the responsibilities of the transport enterprise into two main groups. The first group includes the responsibilities that are related to his proficiency. Responsibilities which are in the dominance of a transport enterprise knowledge and experience and that’s the main reason why people, especially the owner of goods, refer to him. This category obeys the restrict liability theory in which transport enterprise bares the most liability. The rest of his responsibilities which are considered to be in the second group are those which are not only in the power and proficiency of a transport enterprise. In the other word these are some tasks which other people such as the owner of the goods have a part in them. This category is considered to be under the rule of negligence theory which is somehow less strict than the first group.Thus in the first chapter, traditional theories about the responsibility of transport enterprise especially under the civil and commercial codes and the defects which can be found in them are discussed, and in the second chapter the new theory mentioned above is illustrated and some clues which lead us to it are detected in national and international legislations and conventions. Particularly conventions which our country has joined it and are treated like national rules.By the hope that this new theory can resolve the incompetency of the old theories which are chosen by commercial and civil codes.

The expansion of various economic activities and the increase in the volume of trade between countries has led to the development of services and industries related to the transportation of goods, especially sea freight, which is more cost effective than other ways, and therefore the need for obtaining coverage, necessary and It is essential. In the implementation of the insurance contract, there may be legal proceedings between the insurer and the insured person or a third party in which the insurers try to resolve the claims peacefully in order to avoid a variety of claims against them that may harm their reputation. And chapters (which can be peaceful, compromise, and arbitrary), but if the peaceful settlement of disputes is not possible due to the obvious conflict of interest between the parties, the parties will have to resort to the judiciary. Nowadays, one of the methods that has been widely settled on the international level is arbitration. So the question that is posed is, firstly, what are the lawsuits in relation to insurance, especially maritime insurance, and in which case the arbitration of these cases will be the manner in which the judges will be judged and chosen, and which organs are the competent authorities and Whether arbitration can reduce court disputes in disputes in the maritime insurance industry. It seems to me that the methods of resolving insurance disputes at national and international level in transportation are comparable, and arbitration may also reduce the transfer of cases to the judiciary internationally and internally, but the expansion of exploitation This institution and its development is imperative in Iranian law.

Transit or transit of goods is one of the most profitable commercial services in the world. In addition to generating income, transit's economic activity generates regional security to attract domestic and foreign investment through employment, increased national security, development and regional development. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue, this study investigates the significant share of road haulage in regional and international markets. For this purpose, the trade process among economic blocks is first studied and then the transit demand in the road transport sector of the country is studied using the gravity model. The results of the study of trade trends between economic and trade blocs between different countries show that there is potential for transit through Iran corridors. The results of model estimation show that the variable of tariff rate is statistically significant and its coefficient is 0. 53. in other words, With a one percent increase in tariff rate and shipping time، Transit demand in the country's road transport sector declined by 0. 53%. The coefficient of GDP of Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, UAE is 0. 36. This shows that transit demand in the Iranian road transport sector increases by 0. 36 with a one percent increase in GDP in the countries under study. Also the results of variable geographical distance indicate that there is a negative and significant relationship with the coefficient of-5. 27 between the geographical distance of the surveyed countries and transit demand in the country's road transport sector. In addition, the effects of the shocks on the variables under study are examined.

In this research, a model is developed for the optimal design of storm water networks.The model uses the powerful genetic algorithm as the search engine. The "Transport" module of "SWMM 4.4h" is used as the hydraulic analyzer of the model. Two different approach are used to formulate the problem with varying degrees of success in reaching a "near optimal" solution. The proposed model is applied to some benchmark examples in the literature leading to achieve good solution compared to previous results.

Background: Road accidents are one of the main causes of death worldwide and the second cause of death in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of transport accidents based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) in patients who referred to trauma department of academic hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in the northeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed from March 20, 2013, to March 20, 2014. The study population included all records of inpatients referred due to transport accidents (9162 cases), to the three specialized trauma hospitals. Result: Majority of the patients involved in transport accidents were men (75%). Most transport accidents included motorcycle riders (39. 36%), car occupants (26. 21%) and pedestrians (24. 82%), respectively. Most of the accidents occurred in summer (33. 2%) and spring (26%). Majority of the accidents occurred between 6 PM to 8 PM, and fewer accidents occurred in the early hours of the day. Conclusion: Policymakers should consider more, groups at high risks, such as pedestrians and motorcyclist.

The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the competitiveness evaluation criteria and sub-criteria of international rail freight transport services. The present study is an exploratory-descriptive research and its statistical population consists of managers and experts of international rail freight transportation companies. The research sampling method is snowball and purposive, and the sample size is equal to 10 people. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed using content validity method and its reliability was confirmed using inconsistency rate mechanism. To analyze data, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used. The research findings indicate that the competitiveness evaluation criteria of international rail freight transport services include six criteria of accuracy, safety, convenience, reliability, economic efficiency, and speed, each of which has several sub-criteria. In addition, the results of the research show that speed is the most important criterion to evaluate the competitiveness of international rail freight transport services, followed by accuracy and reliability, and network is the most important sub-criteria to evaluate the competitiveness of international rail freight transport services, followed by packing condition and on-time pick-up. The findings of the research help international rail freight transportation companies to evaluate and improve their competitiveness using the identified criteria and sub-criteria.

Nowadays, along with the expansion of the era of globalization, the prosperity of trade, and internationalization, countries pay great attention to customs affairs to facilitate commercial issues. In this regard, they have tried to establish the security of this important process by involving the Navy. Therefore, the present research is trying to investigate the prospect of customs cooperation with the navy forces in facilitating maritime transport trade and developing international trade. From this point of view, following the expansion of the conceptual space of the subject, the role of the navy forces in facilitating maritime transport trade and the development of international trade will be investigated. According to the subject documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the process of collecting information in this research is library. The findings of this article indicate that "the relationship between customs cooperation with the navy forces is an interactive and mutual one, in a way that customs and commercial activities can create conditions in which the navy forces benefit and by establishing maritime and commercial security, navy forces can provide the necessary ground for facilitating maritime transport trade and the development of international trade.